硅对大麦耐盐性的影响及其机制

研究了水培和土培条件下硅对盐敏感大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）科品7号和耐盐大麦鉴4耐盐性的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,水培和土培条件下适量加硅可降低大麦的盐害。硅显著提高盐胁迫大麦根系脱氢酶活性,降低叶片细胞汁液浓度。硅可显著提高盐胁迫下大麦体内的钾离子浓度、降低钠离子浓度,并提高土培大麦植株体内氮、磷的积累量及磷的浓度,改善盐胁迫大麦植株的养分平衡状况。硅对耐盐大麦盐害的缓解效果比对盐敏感大麦更显著。硅对大麦耐盐性的影响主要是通过降低钠离子毒害、减轻水分胁迫程度和改善植株体内的养分平衡状况而实现的。硅参与了植物的代谢或生理活动。     

离子注入水稻种子萌发过程中的自由基和SOD酶研究

用能量30Kw_1剂量6×10~(16)N~ /cm~2的氮离子束辐照水稻早籼品种广陆矮4号,用ESR波谱术和氮蓝四唑(NBT)还原法测定水稻种子萌发过程中的自由基和SOD酶的变化.在室温和低温下测定离子注入水稻干种子的ESR谱,结果表明:辐照后的水稻干种子有较高的自由基产额;低温测定ESR波谱显现出二条谱峰,这为糖和蛋白质在电离辐射作用下产生的特征峰.种子萌发过程中的自由基变化是在种子吸水8小时时自由基浓度锐减,16小时降至最低点;自由基清除酶之一SOD酶,随着吸水时间的增加,酶活性逐渐增加,SOD酶的清除作用主要表现在生物体内源自由基的清除.最后生物体内自由基和SOD酶形成动态平衡.     

Effects of dietary ascorbic acid levels on cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An 80‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation at different levels (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg l ‐ascorbate‐2‐polyphosphate; 7.6, 77.2 and 146.7 mg/kg AA, respectively) on cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dietary AA supplementation regardless of inclusion level increased the serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. No significant differences were observed in the serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, faecal cholesterol content, hepatic activity and mRNA expression of acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase among the dietary treatments. Dietary AA inclusion increased the faecal bile acid content, hepatic activity and mRNA expression of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA expression, but decreased the hepatic LDL receptor content. High level of AA supplementation (0.4 g/kg) depressed the serum cortisol levels. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 0.2?0.4 g/kg l ‐ascorbate‐2‐polyphosphate may increase the serum total cholesterol level in rainbow trout. The cholesterol‐raising effect of AA may be due to the increased hepatic cholesterol production and the depressed cholesterol clearance from serum. In addition, dietary AA inclusion also facilitates the hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.     

A review of thermal stress in cattle

Cattle control body temperature in a narrow range over varying climatic conditions. Endogenous body heat is generated by metabolism, digestion and activity. Radiation is the primary external source of heat transfer into the body of cattle. Cattle homeothermy uses behavioural and physiological controls to manage radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporative exchange of heat between the body and the environment, noting that evaporative mechanisms almost exclusively transfer body heat to the environment. Cattle control radiation by shade seeking (hot) and shelter (cold) and by huddling or standing further apart, noting there are intrinsic breed and age differences in radiative transfer potential. The temperature gradient between the skin and the external environment and wind speed (convection) determines heat transfer by these means. Cattle control these mechanisms by managing blood flow to the periphery (physiology), by shelter-seeking and standing/lying activity in the short term (behaviourally) and by modifying their coats and adjusting their metabolic rates in the longer term (acclimatisation). Evaporative heat loss in cattle is primarily from sweating, with some respiratory contribution, and is the primary mechanism for dissipating excess heat when environmental temperatures exceed skin temperature (~36°C). Cattle tend to be better adapted to cooler rather than hotter external conditions, with Bos indicus breeds more adapted to hotter conditions than Bos taurus. Management can minimise the risk of thermal stress by ensuring appropriate breeds of suitably acclimatised cattle, at appropriate stocking densities, fed appropriate diets (and water), and with access to suitable shelter and ventilation are better suited to their expected farm environment.     

DON暴露对断奶仔猪小脑组织脂质过氧化反应、神经递质分泌及钙稳态的影响

旨在研究脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)暴露对断奶仔猪小脑组织中脂质过氧化、神经递质及钙稳态的影响。选择临床检查健康的15头"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分成3组,每组5头,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,DON低剂量组和高剂量组分别饲喂1 mg·kg~(-1)和2 mg·kg~(-1)的DON饲粮。试验期为60 d。试验结束时进行屠宰,取部分小脑组织匀浆用于检测氧化与抗氧化指标、神经递质及钙离子含量;部分组织存于液氮,用于检测钙调通路相关基因和蛋白的表达水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,DON显著降低断奶仔猪小脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,提高一氧化氮(NO)含量;并引起5-羟色胺(5-HT)及Ca~(2+)含量显著增加,同时使多巴胺(DA)及乙酰胆碱(ACH)的含量显著下降;此外,DON还使小脑组织中钙调蛋白基因(CaM)及钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ基因( CaMKⅡ)表达降低,同时降低CaM蛋白表达水平,增加CaMKⅡ蛋白磷酸化水平。研究结果说明:DON可影响断奶仔猪小脑的脂质过氧化反应,改变神经递质分泌,引起钙稳态失衡,对断奶仔猪具有一定的神经毒性作用。     

Expression of iron regulatory proteins in full-term swine placenta

In swine, even though the pregnant sows were with iron abundance, the inborn iron reserve of piglets was compromised. This indicates the insufficiency of molecular machinery involved in local placental iron flux. Here, we investigated the expression of iron regulatory proteins like hepcidin and ferroportin and also their association with iron reserve, inflammation and oxidative stress in placenta of full-term pregnant sows (n = 6). Amplification and sequencing of placental DNA confirmed the presence of hepcidin (MN579557) and ferroportin (MN565887) sequences and their 100% identity with existing GenBank data. Real-time amplification of placental mRNA revealed significant higher expression of hepcidin (p < .05) than ferroportin. Western blot analysis of placental tissues revealed specific bands for both hepcidin (~8 kDa) and ferroportin (~62 kDa) molecules. Immunohistochemistry revealed the immunoreactivity for both proteins in the cytoplasm and membrane of trophoblastic cells of the placenta. Hepcidin and ferroportin expressions were positively associated with placental non-haem iron reserve (p < .0001; p = .033), lipid peroxidation (p = .0060; p < .0001) and reactive oxygen species level (p = .0092; p = .0292). Hepcidin expression was positively associated with interleukin – 6 (p = .0002) and interferon gamma (p < .0001) expressions but ferroportin expression was negatively associated with interleukin-6 (p = .0005), interleukin-1β (p = .0226) and interferon gamma (p = .0059) expressions. This indicates hepcidin and ferroportin may have a role in controlling the local placental iron flux by acting as a molecular bridge between iron trafficking and inflammation.     

Rapid nitrogen and phosphorus homeostasis transformation in Eupatorium adenophorum during invasion

Exotic plants can compete well with native species because many invasive species are considered better nutrient users in both low‐ and high‐resource environments. However, whether invasive plants can outperform native plants at all stages of invasion is not very clear. We investigated the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N:P homeostasis of an invasive Eupatorium adenophorum and a co‐occurring native plant Artemisia argyi in an area across the five invasion stages of E. adenophorum. The N homeostasis (H_N) of E. adenophorum was higher than that of A. argyi, whereas the P and N:P homeostasis (H_P and H_N/P) were higher for A. argyi. For E. adenophorum, H_N decreased, but H_P and H_N/P increased with the invasion time. For A. argyi, H_N/P increased, H_P and H_N remained stable with the invasion time. The results demonstrated that E. adenophorum could maintain higher H_N during invasion stages when N was limited and could maintain higher H_N and H_P at invasion stages when P was more limited. This rapid nitrogen and phosphorus homeostasis transformation of invasive E. adenophorum during its invasion stages guarantees its stronger competitive ability over native species and promotes its invasion success.     

Dietary phosphorus restriction affects bone metabolism,vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits in sheep

Homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P_i) is maintained by a concerted interplay of absorption and reabsorption via the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney and by storage and mobilization from the bone regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. The present study aimed at characterizing the effects of dietary P restriction on bone, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits reflecting the endogenous P cycle maintaining the ruminal P supply for microbial metabolism. The experiments were done in eleven female, non-pregnant, non-lactating four- to nine-year-old Black Headed Mutton sheep allotted to two feeding groups: "P-restricted" (0.11% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM) and "Control" (0.38% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM). Dietary P restriction did not lead to hypophosphataemia, probably due to a compensation by bone mobilization, demonstrated by increased serum concentrations of a resorption marker and altered gene expression in bone tissue. In addition, the RNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 23, a bone-derived factor involved in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism, was significantly reduced with dietary P restriction. Furthermore, several genes related to vitamin D metabolism and plasma concentrations of 1,25-(OH)₂D were associated with serum concentrations of phosphate (P_i). In the parotid gland, the expression of the P_i transporter NaPi2b was negatively associated with serum P_i and positively with parathyroid PTH expression. Although P_i concentrations in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract were significantly reduced, we found no adverse effects of the P-restricted ration on the production of short chain fatty acids, but slight differences in the production of butyrate as well as its relationship to rumen P_i and ammonia concentrations that might indicate an impact on ruminal fermentation.     

MECHANISM OF ELECTRIC FIELD ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Using The Electric Fertilization Apparatus which was made by the ForestryInstiute of Jilin City,the mechanism of the electric field on the physical-chemical characteristicsof soil,in this paper were studied.The preliminary conclusion is that the amount of chemical fer-tilizer may be saved under the effect of electricity.